Constitutions and constitutional debates iran data portal. The form of government of iran is that of an islamic republic, endorsed by the people of iran on the basis of their longstanding belief in the sovereignty of truth and quranic justice, in the referendum of farwardin 9 and 10 in the year 58 of the solar islamic calendar, corresponding to jamadialawwal 1 and 2 in the year 99 of the lunar. The islamic republic of iran is confronted with an unprecedented legitimacy crisis. Islamic calendar march 29 and 30, 1979, through the affirmative vote of a. During the revolution of 1979 a new constitution was promulgated. In the iranian constitution of 1979 said saffari in the course of recreating a new constitution for the islamic republic of iran, there were a number of crucial debates concerning legitimacy, represen tation, concepts of democracy, and the relations between temporal and reli gious power. The legitimation of the clergys right to rule in the. The form of government of iran is that of an islamic republic, endorsed by the people of iran on the basis of their longstanding belief in the sovereignty of truth and quranic justice, in the referendum of farvardin 9 and 10 in the year 58 of the solar islamic calendar, corresponding to jamadi alawwal 1 and 2 in the year 99 of the lunar islamic. The iranian revolution of 1978 1979 violently e nded the monarchy of shah mohammed reza pahlavi 19191980 and replaced it with an islamic republic, the theocracy of ayatollah ruhollah.
Politics and the state in the islamic republic schirazi, asghar on. Since the year of the revolution, iran is always on the top issues of international agenda with incidents such as iran contra gate and iran iraq war in the 80s, the civil society movement and the reformist activities for a democratic transition in. Based on the scholarly literature, the study argues that it was only ruhollah. The constitution has been called a hybrid of theocratic and democratic elements. Iran islamic republic ofs constitution of 1979 with amendments. This republican constitution replaced the 1906 constitution, which, with its provisions for a shah to reign as head of state, was the earliest constitution in the middle east. Although principles underlined in constitution of iran have been followed by. May 16, 2017 exporting the revolution in irans constitution. Having firmly and solemnly resolve, to live in unity and harmony as one indivisible and indissoluble sovereign nation under god, dedicated to the promotion of interafrican solidarity, world peace, international cooperation and understanding. Since the 1979 revolution, many mem bers of minority religious communities have been arrested or executed, or have fled in fear of persecution.
Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Constitution of the islamic republic of iran unlv faculty sites. Pdf public and private ownership in the iranian constitution. The islamic consultative assembly irans legislative body, the islamic consultative assembly is analogous to the united states congress. The constitution of the islamic republic of iran advances the cultural, social, political, and. Adopted october 24, 1979 article 1 the form of government of iran is that of an islamic republic, endorsed by the people of iran on the basis of their longstanding. Constitutional revolution during the early 1900s the only way to save country from government corruption and foreign manipulation was to make a written code of laws.
Ciardp80t00942a0006000700020 25x1 approved for release 20020509 the iranian constitution the demands ollranian political and religious opposi tion leaders that the shah return. The government is based upon the constitution that was approved in a national referendum in december 1979. Constitution of the third repubuc of ghana promulgation decree, 1979 2 the said constitution shall have the force of jaw. Iran, may 2008 3 in november 1979, students affiliated with the latter group occupied the u. Iran s 1906 constitution constitution and its supplement the fundamental law of persia promulgated in the reign of the late muzaffaruddin shah and ratified by. The constitution of the islamic republic of iran sets forth the cultural, social. Pdf foreign policy of iran after islamic revolution researchgate.
Constitution of iran constitutional background the former monarchy and the constitution of 1906 were abolished by the revolution of february 1979. Constitution of the islamic republic of iran 1979 as last amended on july 28, 1989 external link. Khomeinis concept of velayatefaqih rule by a supreme islamic jurisprudent, or supreme leader was enshrined in the constitution that was adopted in a public referendum in december 1979 and amended in 1989. During the discussions in the assembly of experts and. This designation and the earlier hostage crisis speak volumes about how the 1979 revolution in iran strained the relationship between these two former allies. Khomeinis teachings, velayatefaqih, as the law of iran in the 1979 constitution. Iran imperial proclamation declaring unlawful act of. On 3 december 1979, almost one year after mohammad reza shah pahlavi left iran, the constitution of the islamic republic of iran replaced. This sentiment caused the constitutional revolution. Preamble to the 1979 iranian constitution hanover college.
The revolution overthrew a secular, authoritarian leader, the shah, who the leaders of the revolution asserted had suppressed islam and its clergy. A step in this direction was taken on march 30 and 31, 1979, when a national referendum was held to determine the kind of political system to be established. With respect to the islamic content of the iranian revolution, which was a movement for the. A constitutional referendum was held in iran on 2 and 3 december 1979.
Rather, in many ways a constitution is an expression of the values, needs, and desires of a particular community. This aspiration was exemplified by the nature of the great islamic revolution of iran, and by the. The supplement motammem to the constitution qanune asasi, lit. Iran islamic republic of s constitution of 1979 with amendments through 1989. A comparative overview of the iranian constitutions of 1906. The safavid dynasty ruled iran until 1722, when an afghan army invaded the country and captured isfahan. The adoption of the new constitution was the second major development after the seizure of power by the revolutionary forces in tehran on february 11, 1979, and the fall of the government of shahpur. The constitution of the islamic republic of iran 1989 edition. We have sent our apostles with veritable signs and brought down with them scriptures and the scales of justice, so that men might conduct themselves with fairness. Iranians turn away from the islamic republic journal of. Exporting the revolution in irans constitution and the mahdis return track persia may 16, 2017 apocalypticism within the twelver sect of shiism is the most important component of the the shiite apocalyptic tradition because it is fundamentally associated with the notion of the twelfth, or hidden, imamsomething that is absent. Constitution of the islamic republic of iran wikipedia. Iran islamic republic ofs constitution of 1979 with.
The 1979 constitution dates 24 oct 1979 and is in force since 3 dec 1979. Constitution of the islamic republic encyclopaedia. The constitution of the islamic republic of iran qanuni asasiyi jomhuiriyi islkmiyi iran has replaced iran s first constitution. Exporting the revolution in irans constitution and the mahdi. Errand abrahamian the causes of the constitutional. Preamble to the 1979 iranian constitution original electronic texts at the international constitutional law web site. The countrys 1979 constitution put into place a mixed system of government, in which the executive, parliament, and judiciary are overseen by several bodies dominated by the clergy. It shares borders with afghanistan, armenia, azerbaijan, iraq, pakistan, turkey, and turkmenistan. At the head of both the state and oversight institutions is a ranking cleric known as the rahbar, or leader. The ideology of irans 1979 islamic revolution infuses irans foreign policy. Library of congress federal research division country profile. A comparative overview of the iranian constitutions of 190607 and 1979 article in iran and the caucasus 102. The constitution of the islamic republic of iran sets forth the cultural, social, political, and economic institutions of iranian society on the basis of islamic principles and norms, which represent the earnest aspiration of the islamic ummah. We have sent our apostles with veritable signs and brought down with them scriptures and the scales of justice, so that men might conduct themselves with fairness preamble.
There had been a series of ongoing covert and overt activities against naser odin shahs despotic rule, for which many had lost their lives. December 1979 iranian constitutional referendum wikipedia. February 1, 1979, and, on february 11, 1979, he declared an islamic republic of iran. Ap comparative government and politics iran briefing paper. Khomeini had charged the provisional government with the task of drawing up a draft constitution. The iranian revolution past, present and future brought the safavids into direct conflict with the ottoman empire and led to two centuries of intermittent warfare between those two powerful states. While articles one and two vest sovereignty in god, article six mandates popular elections for the presidency and the. S ep t em b 1er, 979 printing of constitution, constituent assembly dissolved. Constitution of the islamic republic of iran foundation for. Following the meeting of commonwealth heads of government held in lusaka from 1 to 7 august, her majestys government issued invitations to bishop muzorewa and the leaders. Exporting the revolution in irans constitution and the. Nominally directed by the shahs sister, ashraf pahlavi, iran s first family planning program was established in 1966. The 270 member assembly is endowed with many of the same powersit is the main lawmaking body of the country.
Iran s historic drop in fertility iran s provision of modern contraception stretches back to the government of shah mohammed reza pahlavi. Significant amendments were adopted on 28 july 1989. Despite in the classical shiite jurisprudence that waging offensive jihad, or holy war, is an exclusive right of the infallible imam, khomeini believed that the shiite jurist had the authority to order it. Certainly, if her majesty the sovereign queen victoria was present today, or if australian government had any respect to the rule of law subject to the commonwealth of australia constitution act 1900 the constitution, his majesty the sovereign soltan qeumars shah qajar, sovereign king of iran, head of monarchy, would never have had these. The history behind the iranian constitution a constitution is not merely a document, nor a set of laws. The causes of the constitutional revolution in iran 383 although marx and engels considered ideologies to be a part of the super structure dependent upon the social structures, they did not deny the possibility that radical ideologists could, at times, develop into independent forces. Soft power in the constitution of the islamic republic of iran. This article, highlighting the heterodox character of irans theocratic ideology, stresses the tectonic social and cultural changes that have resulted in societys estrangement from the state over the past forty years in a reaction against this ideology. Iran s soft power resources were drawn to this rule. Constitution of the islamic republic of iran financial disclosure. This section contains all the modern state constitutions of iran, starting with 1906. A clerical regime was established in which ultimate power is.
The public remarks of iranian leaders indicate that tehran has been consistently committed to spreading its ideology beyond iran s borders since 1979. The constitution of the islamic republic of iran, setting forth as it does the political, social, cultural, and economic institutions and their relations that are to exist in society, must now provide for the consolidation of the foundations of islamic government, and propose the plan of a new system of government to be erected on the ruins of. Constitution of the islamic republic encyclopaedia iranica. Irans 1906 constitution foundation for iranian studies. Constitution of the islamic republic of iran wikisource. The constitution of the islamic republic of iran advances the cultural, social, political, and economic institutions of iranian society based on islamic principles and norms, which represent an honest aspiration of the islamic ummah. The 21 and 22 of bahman 57 12 and february 1979 were the days of the collapse of the monarchic system when domestic tyranny, and the foreign dominance that relied on it, were. A pledge to exporting the revolution is enshrined in iran s constitution.
The constitution of the islamic republic of iran contains provisions which should protect freedom thought, religion or belief article 23 in particular forbids the investigation of individuals beliefs, stating that no one may be molested or taken to task simply for holding a certain belief. Bush referred to iran as a rogue state and a member of the axis of evil. The iranian revolution of february 1979 was a watershed event that heralded the. Sep 21, 2019 the constitution of the islamic republic of iran, setting forth as it does the political, social, cultural, and economic institutions and their relations that are to exist in society, must now provide for the consolidation of the foundations of islamic government, and propose the plan of a new system of government to be erected on the ruins of. Ayatollah ruhollah khomeini 1979 1989 ayatollah ali khamenei since 1989 the most important figure in the iranian political system is the valiye faqih, an expert in religious law, who is referred to in the constitution as the supreme leader rahbar of the islamic revolution. Constitutional revolution iran oxford islamic studies online. Public and private ownership in the iranian constitution. This paper intends to explore the role and key contributions that ayatollah ruhollah played in the iranian revolution. A copy of the iranian constitution may be obtained from the iran analytic center, telephone confidential rp 791 january 1979 approved for release 20020509.
The constitution of islamic republic of iran in the name of god, the compassionate, the merciful. Constitution of the islamic republic of iran in the name of god, the compassionate, the merciful. Freedom of expression and association in the kurdish. Majlis produced the iranian constitution that remained in effect, albeit largely ignored by the monarchs, until the 1979 islamic revolution. States that all laws, institutions and state organizations need to comply with divine principles. Iran is a unitary islamic republic with one legislative house. Constitution of the islamic republic of iran adopted. The constitution of the islamic republic of iran was adopted by referendum on 2 and 3 december 1979, and went into force replacing the constitution of 1906. Iran officially the islamic republic of iran persian. A full timeline of irans history can be found on the bbcs iran profile1. A new constitution of the islamic republic of iran was adopted in 1979. Constitution of the islamic republic of iran wikiquote. The iranian revolution kent as the islamic revolution or 1979 revolution an aw.
Iran is as committed to exporting the islamic revolution today as it was in 1979. The constitution shall come into force oll the 24th day of ment constitutionor. The constitution, having regard to the islamic contents of the iranian revolution, which was a movement for the victory of all the oppressed over the arrogant, provides a basis for the continuation of that revolution both inside and outside the country. These topic pages provide a quick overview and easy access to all content that can be found on ace for any give topic of interest weather encyclopaedia files, electoral materials, comparative data, consolidated replies, case studies, or other.
The constitution of islamic republic of iran iran chamber society. The iranian revolution opened a new chapter in the history of mass popular revolutions in the world. One can point out that iran is a rather intriguing subject. Iran constitution of 1906 wikisource, the free online library. The relation between international law, islamic law and. The form of government of iran is that of an islamic republic, endorsed by the people of iran on the basis of their longstanding belief in the sovereignty of truth and koranic justice, in the referendum of 29 and 30 march 1979, through the affirmative vote of a majority of 98. The intent was to set up a constitutional monarchy with power held by a parliament and chosen ministers. The constitution was adopted in 1979 and amended in 1989, was restored. Iran simple english wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The iranian constitution was adopted on 24 october 1979, and was the effective law of the country as of 3 december of that same year.
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